Newly Discovered ‘Fire Amoeba’ Pushes the Boundaries of Life on Earth
It was thought that complex cells couldn’t survive above a certain temperature, but a tiny amoeba has proven that assumption wrong
Incendiamoeba cascadensis (meaning “fire amoeba … from the Cascades,” according to a recent preprint paper) is seen moving around in a zoomed-in microscopic view.
“A Geothermal Amoeba Sets a New Upper Temperature Limit for Eukaryotes,” by H. Beryl Rappaport et al. Preprint posted to bioRxiv on November 24, 2025 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
A tiny amoeba has broken a pretty big record.
The newly discovered species of single-celled organism can divide and reproduce at a piping hot 63 degrees Celsius (145 degrees Fahrenheit), higher than any other known complex form of life. The discovery—described in a preprint study on the server bioRxiv and not yet peer-reviewed—“pushes the boundaries of our understanding of life’s limits on Earth and the implications for life beyond Earth—where else and how else life might be able to take hold and thrive,” says microbial ecologist and astrobiologist Luke McKay, who was not involved with the new study.
Much of the existing research into extremophiles—life-forms that thrive at extreme temperatures, acidity levels or other environmental conditions—has concentrated on bacteria and archaea that are simpler in their biology, lacking a nucleus or membrane-bound cell organelles. The record holder for withstanding high temperature by any organism is an archaean, Methanopyrus kandleri, which can grow at temperatures of 122 degrees C (nearly 252 degrees F). The most heat-loving bacteria, Geothermobacterium ferrireducens, can grow at temperatures up to 100 degrees C (212 degrees F).
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But conventional wisdom since the early 1970s had been that eukaryotes—organisms with a cell nucleus, from amoebas to animals—would not be able to cope with high temperatures as readily given their more complex biology. High temperatures can, for example, cause the proteins necessary for life to fall apart. It was thought that eukaryotes would have an upper temperature limit of 62 degrees C, and they had only been shown to tolerate temperatures of up to 60 degrees C.
Lassen Volcanic National Park.
To explore the world of eukaryote extremophiles, Syracuse University microbiologist Angela Oliverio and her graduate student Beryl Rappaport took samples from Lassen Volcanic National Park, in the Cascade mountain range in northern California, and cultured them in flasks back in their lab. After a few weeks of growth, researchers spotted the never-before-seen amoeba species in flasks that had been kept at temperatures similar to those of the stream it was found in. As the researchers notched up the temperature, the amoeba, dubbed Incendiamoeba cascadensis (meaning “fire amoeba … from the Cascades,” according to the preprint), kept on going. It was able to replicate itself in temperatures of up to 63 degrees C, remain active at up to 64 degrees C, and form a protective coating and survive encased in it at up to 70 degrees C (reawakening when the temperature was lowered again). “Our minds were kind of blown at that point,” Oliverio says.
The researchers also sequenced the amoeba’s genome and looked at its proteome, the proteins its genes are predicted to produce. Their findings suggest the proteins it uses have a higher average melting temperature than those of its nearest amoeba relative.
“The difference between 60 degrees C and 63 degrees C may sound small but represents a relatively large shift in our current understanding of eukaryotic limits,” says McKay, who works at the biotech research company Symbiotic Biosystems.
Credit: “A Geothermal Amoeba Sets a New Upper Temperature Limit for Eukaryotes,” by H. Beryl Rappaport et al. Preprint posted to bioRxiv on November 24, 2025 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0); Aerial Filmworks/Getty Images
The finding has implications beyond understanding wonky biology because understanding how such organisms survive high heat can help researchers develop heat-tolerant proteins and enzymes for other applications. “Why would I care about an amoeba in a random national park?” Oliverio says. “Well, your laundry detergent might be improved.”
But she dwells more on the existential implications: “It raises a lot of interesting questions about what are the constraints” on life, she says. “And we have really no idea…. We sampled the stream and got this amoeba from one geothermal area. There could be hotter things out there. There probably are.”
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